Philosophy
Climate change will trigger a dramatic and sudden decline in the number of polar bears, a new study has concluded.
The research is the first to directly model how changing climate will affect polar bear reproduction and survival.
Based on what is known of polar bear physiology, behaviour and ecology, it predicts pregnancy rates will fall and fewer bears will survive fasting during longer ice-free seasons.
These changes will happen suddenly as bears pass a 'tipping point'.
Details of the research are published in the journal Biological Conservation.
Educated guesses
Until now, most studies measuring polar bear survival have relied on a method called "mark and recapture".
This involves repeatedly catching polar bears in a population over several years, which is cost and time-intensive.
Because of that, the information scientists have gathered on polar bear populations varies greatly: for example, datasets span up to four decades in the best studied populations in Western Hudson Bay and Southern Beaufort Sea, but are almost non-existent for bears in some parts of Russia.
Even more difficult is measuring how survival and reproduction might change under future climatic conditions.
"Some populations are expected to go extinct with climate warming, while others are expected to persist, albeit at a reduced population size," says Dr Peter Molnar of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
However, these projections are essentially educated guesses, based on experts judging or extrapolating how current population trends might continue as the climate changes.
"So we've looked at the underlying mechanisms of polar bear ecology to assist our understanding of what will happen in a warming world," Dr Molnar told the BBC.
Fasting and mating
Dr Molnar, Professor Andrew Derocher and colleagues from the University of Alberta and York University, Toronto focused on the physiology, behaviour and ecology of polar bears, and how these might change as temperatures increase.
"We developed a model for the mating ecology of polar bears. The model estimates how many females in a population will be able to find a mate during the mating season, and thus get impregnated."
Male polar bears find females by wandering the ice, sniffing bear tracks they come across. If the tracks have been made by a female in mating condition, the male follows the tracks to her.
The researchers modelled how this behaviour would change as warming temperatures fragment sea ice.
They also modelled the impact on the bears' survival.
Southern populations of polar bears fast in summer, forced ashore as the sea ice melts.
As these ice-free seasons lengthen, fewer bears are expected to have enough fat and protein stores to survive the fast.
By developing a physiological model that estimates how fast a bear uses up its fat and protein stores, the researchers could estimate how long it takes a bear to die of starvation.
"In both cases, the expected changes in reproduction and survival were non-linear," explains Dr Molnar.
"That is, as the climate warms, we may not see any substantial effect on polar bear reproduction and survival for a while, up until some threshold is passed, at which point reproduction and survival will decline dramatically and very rapidly."
The US Endangered Species Act lists the polar bear as "Threatened".
The latest US assessment of the conservation status of polar bears included the only two previous studies to assess the impact of climate change, but these extrapolated population trends, rather than directly modelling how the ecology of polar bears may alter.
The new study by Dr Molnar's team offers a way to improve these predictions, and suggests the potential for even faster declines than those found by the US assessment.
"Canada has about two-thirds of the world's polar bears, but their conservation assessment of polar bears didn't take climate change seriously," says Dr Molnar, a flaw noted by the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group last year.
"Our view is that the Canadian assessment should be redone, properly accounting for climate change effects.
"The status of polar bears is likely much more dire than suggested by the Canadian report," he adds.
"For instance, for a while we will only see small changes in summer fasting season survival in Western Hudson Bay.
"[But] eventually mortality will dramatically increase when a certain threshold is passed; for example, while starvation mortality is currently negligible, up to one-half of the male population would starve if the fasting season in Western Hudson Bay was extended from currently four to about six months."
- Non-transitive Dice To Blow Your Mind
When it comes to games of chance, there's usually a fairly easy way to win: cheat. Of course, if you get caught, the price you pay might be your knee-caps... Another way is to be up to date on your probability theory, play a game of non-transitive...
- Nature's Great Events - The Great Melt
When the ice in the Arctic starts to melt as the sun rises in the sky, things begin to happen, life resumes its annual cycle, and David Attenborough is there to tell us all about it to the sight of some spectacular photography. Watch as polar bears come...
- Freeze Your "bippy"...no Way
People cheer as the countdown begins to jump into Chesapeake Bay at Sandy Point state park in Annapolis, Maryland during the 16th annual Maryland State Police Polar Bear Plunge.The Maryland Polar Bear Plunge at Sandy Point State Park in Annapolis is...
- Charlie Tuna & Horton The Elephant...in Trouble?
International Year of Biodiversity Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species "Ivory and bluefin tuna top agenda at UN wildlife summit" by Richard Black March 13th, 2010 BBC News Sales of ivory and a possible ban on trading bluefin...
- Nasa's Polar Satellite--"the Broken Heart"/death
NASA's Polar satellite had out lived its parameters of life by a decade and provided volumes of data. Again, a few dollars spent and a wealth of information taken. It is somewhat sad to see the last photograph taken... As far as endings go, this one’s...
Philosophy
Polar bears losing in the game of life?
International Year of Biodiversity
"Polar bears face 'tipping point' due to climate change"
by
Matt Walker
May 25th, 2010
BBC
by
Matt Walker
May 25th, 2010
BBC
Climate change will trigger a dramatic and sudden decline in the number of polar bears, a new study has concluded.
The research is the first to directly model how changing climate will affect polar bear reproduction and survival.
Based on what is known of polar bear physiology, behaviour and ecology, it predicts pregnancy rates will fall and fewer bears will survive fasting during longer ice-free seasons.
These changes will happen suddenly as bears pass a 'tipping point'.
Details of the research are published in the journal Biological Conservation.
Educated guesses
Until now, most studies measuring polar bear survival have relied on a method called "mark and recapture".
This involves repeatedly catching polar bears in a population over several years, which is cost and time-intensive.
Because of that, the information scientists have gathered on polar bear populations varies greatly: for example, datasets span up to four decades in the best studied populations in Western Hudson Bay and Southern Beaufort Sea, but are almost non-existent for bears in some parts of Russia.
Even more difficult is measuring how survival and reproduction might change under future climatic conditions.
"Some populations are expected to go extinct with climate warming, while others are expected to persist, albeit at a reduced population size," says Dr Peter Molnar of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
However, these projections are essentially educated guesses, based on experts judging or extrapolating how current population trends might continue as the climate changes.
"So we've looked at the underlying mechanisms of polar bear ecology to assist our understanding of what will happen in a warming world," Dr Molnar told the BBC.
Fasting and mating
Dr Molnar, Professor Andrew Derocher and colleagues from the University of Alberta and York University, Toronto focused on the physiology, behaviour and ecology of polar bears, and how these might change as temperatures increase.
"We developed a model for the mating ecology of polar bears. The model estimates how many females in a population will be able to find a mate during the mating season, and thus get impregnated."
Male polar bears find females by wandering the ice, sniffing bear tracks they come across. If the tracks have been made by a female in mating condition, the male follows the tracks to her.
The researchers modelled how this behaviour would change as warming temperatures fragment sea ice.
They also modelled the impact on the bears' survival.
Southern populations of polar bears fast in summer, forced ashore as the sea ice melts.
As these ice-free seasons lengthen, fewer bears are expected to have enough fat and protein stores to survive the fast.
By developing a physiological model that estimates how fast a bear uses up its fat and protein stores, the researchers could estimate how long it takes a bear to die of starvation.
"In both cases, the expected changes in reproduction and survival were non-linear," explains Dr Molnar.
"That is, as the climate warms, we may not see any substantial effect on polar bear reproduction and survival for a while, up until some threshold is passed, at which point reproduction and survival will decline dramatically and very rapidly."
The US Endangered Species Act lists the polar bear as "Threatened".
The latest US assessment of the conservation status of polar bears included the only two previous studies to assess the impact of climate change, but these extrapolated population trends, rather than directly modelling how the ecology of polar bears may alter.
The new study by Dr Molnar's team offers a way to improve these predictions, and suggests the potential for even faster declines than those found by the US assessment.
"Canada has about two-thirds of the world's polar bears, but their conservation assessment of polar bears didn't take climate change seriously," says Dr Molnar, a flaw noted by the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group last year.
"Our view is that the Canadian assessment should be redone, properly accounting for climate change effects.
"The status of polar bears is likely much more dire than suggested by the Canadian report," he adds.
"For instance, for a while we will only see small changes in summer fasting season survival in Western Hudson Bay.
"[But] eventually mortality will dramatically increase when a certain threshold is passed; for example, while starvation mortality is currently negligible, up to one-half of the male population would starve if the fasting season in Western Hudson Bay was extended from currently four to about six months."
- Non-transitive Dice To Blow Your Mind
When it comes to games of chance, there's usually a fairly easy way to win: cheat. Of course, if you get caught, the price you pay might be your knee-caps... Another way is to be up to date on your probability theory, play a game of non-transitive...
- Nature's Great Events - The Great Melt
When the ice in the Arctic starts to melt as the sun rises in the sky, things begin to happen, life resumes its annual cycle, and David Attenborough is there to tell us all about it to the sight of some spectacular photography. Watch as polar bears come...
- Freeze Your "bippy"...no Way
People cheer as the countdown begins to jump into Chesapeake Bay at Sandy Point state park in Annapolis, Maryland during the 16th annual Maryland State Police Polar Bear Plunge.The Maryland Polar Bear Plunge at Sandy Point State Park in Annapolis is...
- Charlie Tuna & Horton The Elephant...in Trouble?
International Year of Biodiversity Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species "Ivory and bluefin tuna top agenda at UN wildlife summit" by Richard Black March 13th, 2010 BBC News Sales of ivory and a possible ban on trading bluefin...
- Nasa's Polar Satellite--"the Broken Heart"/death
NASA's Polar satellite had out lived its parameters of life by a decade and provided volumes of data. Again, a few dollars spent and a wealth of information taken. It is somewhat sad to see the last photograph taken... As far as endings go, this one’s...