Philosophy
James Dewar
September 20th, 1842 to March 27th, 1923
In 1878, liquid air obtained at a temperature of -192ºC was exhibited by Professor James Dewar at the Royal Institution, London. His work followed the small-scale production of liquid air by Raoul Pictet of Geneva (Dec 1877) and Cailletet of Paris (Jan 1878). In March 1893, Dewar produced solid air. He gave six well-illustrated Christmas Lectures on "Air: gaseous and liquid " at the Royal Institution on 28 Dec 1893 - 9 Jan 1894. (Some of the air in the room was liquified in the presence of the audience, and remained so for some time, when enclosed in a vacuum jacket.) He demonstrated several physical properties of liquid air, and produced solid air at the Friday 19 Jan 1894 meeting of the Royal Institution.
Haydn's Dictionary of Dates...
AIR or ATMOSPHERE. Anaximenes of Miletus (530 B.C.) declared air to be a self-existent deity, and the first cause of everything created. Posidonius (about 79 B.C.) calculated the height of the atmosphere to be 800 stadia. The pressure of air, about 15 lb. to the square inch, was discovered by Galileo, 1564, and demonstrated by Torricelli (who invented the barometer) about. A.D. 1643, and was found by Pascal, in 1647, to vary with the height. Halley, Newton, and others, up to the present time have illustrated the agency and influences of this great power by various experiments, and numerous inventions have followed; among others, the Air-Gun of Guter of Nuremberg about 1656; the Air-Pump, invented by Otto von Guericke of Magdeburg about 1650; improved by Robert Boyle in 1657, by Robert Hooke about 1659; [Sprengel's excellent air-pump, in which water or mercury is employed, was invented in 1863] and the Air-Pipe, invented by Mr. Sutton, a brewer of London, about 1756.. The density and elasticity of air were determined by Boyle; and its relation to light and sound by Hooke, Newton, and Derham. The extension of our atmosphere above the surface of the earth, has been long considered as about 45 miles. Its composition, about 77 parts of nitrogen, 21 of oxygen, and 2 of other matters (such as carbonic acid, watery vapour, a trace of ammonia, &c.) was ascertained by Priestley (who discovered oxygen gas in 1774), Scheele (1775), Lavoisier, and Cavendish; and its laws of refraction were investigated by Dr. Bradley, 1737. The researches of Dr. Schönbein, a German chemist of Basel, between 1840 and 1859, led to his description of two states of the oxygen in the air, which he calls ozone and antozone. In Aug., 1894, at Oxford, Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay reported to the British Association their discovery of a new gas in air, afterward termed Argon. Dr. Stenhouse's Air-filters (in which powdered charcoal is used) were first set up at the Mansion House, London, in 1854. In 1858, Dr. R. Angus Smith made known a chemical method of ascertaining the amount of organic matter in the air, and published his "Air and Rain" in 1872.
The Aero-steam Engine, the invention of George Warsop, a mechanic of Nottingham, who, by employing compressed air united with steam, is said to have effected the saving of 47 per cent. of fuel. The plan was reported to the British Association, at Exeter, in Aug. 1869, and was said to act successfully in a tug steamer (for China) in the Thames, 26 March, 1870. Mr. Edward Field, in his new motive power, introduced a small volume of steam into a large volume of heated air, and effected an economy of 12½ to 20 per cent. of steam. The system was exhibited in London, July, 1891.
Col. Beaumont's air-engine for propelling railway carriages, tried at Woolwich, reported successful (a little steam is used), 6 Oct. 1880. His system largely employed in various ways by the Paris Compressed Air company, described to the British Association at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sept. 1889.
Victor Popp applies compressed air as a motive power to clocks, 1881.
An air-telegraph, in which the waves of air in a tube are employed instead of electricity, invented by sig. Guattari, was exhibited' in London in 1870. It obtained a gold medal in Naples.
Isaac Wilkinson patented a method of compressing air by a column of water in 1757, and William Mann patented stage pumping by compressed air in 1829. The force of compressed air was employed in boring the Cenis tunnel (see under Alps), and in making the Blackwall tunnel, 1891-7.
Tram-cars driven by compressed air on the Mekarski system in N. London, for a time, June, 1883; resumed, after improvements made, for a time, 1885 ; again for a time, Feb. 1888.
Air, as well as its gaseous components, has been compressed into the liquid state by means of great pressure and intense cold, 1877-8, by Raoul Pictet of Geneva, and Cailletet of Paris, Dec. 1877, Jan. 1878. At the Royal Institution, 5 June, 1885, professor James Dewar exhibited liquid air obtained at the temperature of -192° Cent. In March, 1893, he produced solid air in the form of ice. Several physical properties of liquid air were exhibited, and solid air was produced at the Friday meeting, 19 Jan. 1894.
Prof. Dewar gave six well-illustrated lectures on "Air, gaseous and liquid," at the Royal Institution, London, 28 Dec. 1893 - 9 Jan. 1894. (Some of the air of the room was liquefied in the presence of the audience, and remained so for some time, when enclosed in a vacuum jacket); again, 1 April, 1898.
Prof. Dewar demonstrated by some very remarkable experiments the intimate connection between phosphorescence and photographic action of the electric light on bodies cooled to the temperature of boiling liquid air at the Royal Institution, 18 Jan. 1895.
Liquid air for refrigeration and other purposes largely produced by machinery, invented by Herr Linde; reported, 21 Oct. 1895.
Prof. Dewar's new apparatus for the production of liquid air, exhibited at the Royal Institution, 2 Dec. 1895. Experiments with hydrogen, reported 27 March, 1896.
M. Paul Giffard, inventor of compressed air and other apparatus, died, abt. 8 April, 1897.
The Aerograph, an air brush, an application of compressed air, invented by Mr.C. L. Burdick (1893); used by artists.
Dr. Linde's machine for the liquefaction of air, shown at the Society of Arts, 14 March, 1898.
Argon; a new constituent of air, neon and metargon, discovered by prof. Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, Jan. 1895.
"Lord Rayleigh and professor Ramsay had discovered four other aërial elements, helium, neon, krypton and xenon, which were identified as constituents of the atmosphere by prof. Ramsay and M. H. Travers, 1895-1900."
Major MacMahon's address at the British Association, 12 Sept. 1901.
Prof. Dewar exhibited air in the solid state and a jet of liquid air rising to about 6 ft., with beautiful effects, before the prince and princess of Wales, 6 June, 1902.
James Dewar [Wikipedia]
- William De Wiveleslie Abney...technical Photographer
William de Wiveleslie Abney July 24th, 1843 to December 3rd, 1920 Wikipedia... Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Edward Abney (1811-1892) vicar of St Alkmund's Derby. He attended Rossall School, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and...
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John Theophilus Desaguliers March 13th, 1683 to February 29th, 1744 A scientist, a priest, and lecturer for the populace. Bill Ashworth [Linda Hall Library Newsletter] wrote... John Theophilus Desaguliers, an English physicist of French origin, was born...
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- Late 19th Century Science Suppliments--scientific American
Scientific American Suppliments from the late 19th Century are available online from Project Gutenberg. Good reading of a bygone era and some fine illustrations. Here is a sample: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 460 NEW YORK, OCTOBER 25, 1884 Scientific...
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Philosophy
James Dewar...the "thermos" man
James DewarSeptember 20th, 1842 to March 27th, 1923
In 1878, liquid air obtained at a temperature of -192ºC was exhibited by Professor James Dewar at the Royal Institution, London. His work followed the small-scale production of liquid air by Raoul Pictet of Geneva (Dec 1877) and Cailletet of Paris (Jan 1878). In March 1893, Dewar produced solid air. He gave six well-illustrated Christmas Lectures on "Air: gaseous and liquid " at the Royal Institution on 28 Dec 1893 - 9 Jan 1894. (Some of the air in the room was liquified in the presence of the audience, and remained so for some time, when enclosed in a vacuum jacket.) He demonstrated several physical properties of liquid air, and produced solid air at the Friday 19 Jan 1894 meeting of the Royal Institution.
Haydn's Dictionary of Dates...
AIR or ATMOSPHERE. Anaximenes of Miletus (530 B.C.) declared air to be a self-existent deity, and the first cause of everything created. Posidonius (about 79 B.C.) calculated the height of the atmosphere to be 800 stadia. The pressure of air, about 15 lb. to the square inch, was discovered by Galileo, 1564, and demonstrated by Torricelli (who invented the barometer) about. A.D. 1643, and was found by Pascal, in 1647, to vary with the height. Halley, Newton, and others, up to the present time have illustrated the agency and influences of this great power by various experiments, and numerous inventions have followed; among others, the Air-Gun of Guter of Nuremberg about 1656; the Air-Pump, invented by Otto von Guericke of Magdeburg about 1650; improved by Robert Boyle in 1657, by Robert Hooke about 1659; [Sprengel's excellent air-pump, in which water or mercury is employed, was invented in 1863] and the Air-Pipe, invented by Mr. Sutton, a brewer of London, about 1756.. The density and elasticity of air were determined by Boyle; and its relation to light and sound by Hooke, Newton, and Derham. The extension of our atmosphere above the surface of the earth, has been long considered as about 45 miles. Its composition, about 77 parts of nitrogen, 21 of oxygen, and 2 of other matters (such as carbonic acid, watery vapour, a trace of ammonia, &c.) was ascertained by Priestley (who discovered oxygen gas in 1774), Scheele (1775), Lavoisier, and Cavendish; and its laws of refraction were investigated by Dr. Bradley, 1737. The researches of Dr. Schönbein, a German chemist of Basel, between 1840 and 1859, led to his description of two states of the oxygen in the air, which he calls ozone and antozone. In Aug., 1894, at Oxford, Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay reported to the British Association their discovery of a new gas in air, afterward termed Argon. Dr. Stenhouse's Air-filters (in which powdered charcoal is used) were first set up at the Mansion House, London, in 1854. In 1858, Dr. R. Angus Smith made known a chemical method of ascertaining the amount of organic matter in the air, and published his "Air and Rain" in 1872.
The Aero-steam Engine, the invention of George Warsop, a mechanic of Nottingham, who, by employing compressed air united with steam, is said to have effected the saving of 47 per cent. of fuel. The plan was reported to the British Association, at Exeter, in Aug. 1869, and was said to act successfully in a tug steamer (for China) in the Thames, 26 March, 1870. Mr. Edward Field, in his new motive power, introduced a small volume of steam into a large volume of heated air, and effected an economy of 12½ to 20 per cent. of steam. The system was exhibited in London, July, 1891.
Col. Beaumont's air-engine for propelling railway carriages, tried at Woolwich, reported successful (a little steam is used), 6 Oct. 1880. His system largely employed in various ways by the Paris Compressed Air company, described to the British Association at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sept. 1889.
Victor Popp applies compressed air as a motive power to clocks, 1881.
An air-telegraph, in which the waves of air in a tube are employed instead of electricity, invented by sig. Guattari, was exhibited' in London in 1870. It obtained a gold medal in Naples.
Isaac Wilkinson patented a method of compressing air by a column of water in 1757, and William Mann patented stage pumping by compressed air in 1829. The force of compressed air was employed in boring the Cenis tunnel (see under Alps), and in making the Blackwall tunnel, 1891-7.
Tram-cars driven by compressed air on the Mekarski system in N. London, for a time, June, 1883; resumed, after improvements made, for a time, 1885 ; again for a time, Feb. 1888.
Air, as well as its gaseous components, has been compressed into the liquid state by means of great pressure and intense cold, 1877-8, by Raoul Pictet of Geneva, and Cailletet of Paris, Dec. 1877, Jan. 1878. At the Royal Institution, 5 June, 1885, professor James Dewar exhibited liquid air obtained at the temperature of -192° Cent. In March, 1893, he produced solid air in the form of ice. Several physical properties of liquid air were exhibited, and solid air was produced at the Friday meeting, 19 Jan. 1894.
Prof. Dewar gave six well-illustrated lectures on "Air, gaseous and liquid," at the Royal Institution, London, 28 Dec. 1893 - 9 Jan. 1894. (Some of the air of the room was liquefied in the presence of the audience, and remained so for some time, when enclosed in a vacuum jacket); again, 1 April, 1898.
Prof. Dewar demonstrated by some very remarkable experiments the intimate connection between phosphorescence and photographic action of the electric light on bodies cooled to the temperature of boiling liquid air at the Royal Institution, 18 Jan. 1895.
Liquid air for refrigeration and other purposes largely produced by machinery, invented by Herr Linde; reported, 21 Oct. 1895.
Prof. Dewar's new apparatus for the production of liquid air, exhibited at the Royal Institution, 2 Dec. 1895. Experiments with hydrogen, reported 27 March, 1896.
M. Paul Giffard, inventor of compressed air and other apparatus, died, abt. 8 April, 1897.
The Aerograph, an air brush, an application of compressed air, invented by Mr.C. L. Burdick (1893); used by artists.
Dr. Linde's machine for the liquefaction of air, shown at the Society of Arts, 14 March, 1898.
Argon; a new constituent of air, neon and metargon, discovered by prof. Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, Jan. 1895.
"Lord Rayleigh and professor Ramsay had discovered four other aërial elements, helium, neon, krypton and xenon, which were identified as constituents of the atmosphere by prof. Ramsay and M. H. Travers, 1895-1900."
Major MacMahon's address at the British Association, 12 Sept. 1901.
Prof. Dewar exhibited air in the solid state and a jet of liquid air rising to about 6 ft., with beautiful effects, before the prince and princess of Wales, 6 June, 1902.
James Dewar [Wikipedia]
- William De Wiveleslie Abney...technical Photographer
William de Wiveleslie Abney July 24th, 1843 to December 3rd, 1920 Wikipedia... Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Edward Abney (1811-1892) vicar of St Alkmund's Derby. He attended Rossall School, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and...
- John Desaguliers...scientist With An Amusing Story
John Theophilus Desaguliers March 13th, 1683 to February 29th, 1744 A scientist, a priest, and lecturer for the populace. Bill Ashworth [Linda Hall Library Newsletter] wrote... John Theophilus Desaguliers, an English physicist of French origin, was born...
- St. Andrew’s Day And Scottish Inventors
"Nov. 30: A St. Andrew’s Day Salute to Scottish Inventors" by Lewis Wallace November 30th, 2009 Wired Nov. 30: It’s St. Andrew’s Day, the national day of Scotland. So we offer a toast to the great inventors who have applied Scottish ingenuity...
- Late 19th Century Science Suppliments--scientific American
Scientific American Suppliments from the late 19th Century are available online from Project Gutenberg. Good reading of a bygone era and some fine illustrations. Here is a sample: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 460 NEW YORK, OCTOBER 25, 1884 Scientific...
- The Value Of A Small Amount Of Knowledge Of Science
"John Ernst Worrell Keely was born on September 3rd, 1827 and died November 18th, 1898. He was considered a fraudulent American inventor. In 1873 he announced that he had discovered a new physical force that, if harnessed, would produce unheard-of power....